What are the Architecture and Protocols of IoT ?

Table of Contents [show]

Introduction

Much has been said about how we are moving towards a more brilliant tomorrow. And IoT is definitely mentioned many times in these statements. IoT has revolutionized modern technology by seamlessly connecting devices under one umbrella. In this internet-driven world, which one is not part of IoT? Our smartwatches, mobile apps, laptops, iPods, tablets, or electronic devices like refrigerators, air conditioners, digital locks, etc., send data to these IoT networks. These IoT systems are built on various elements, functions, layers, and their respective functions. And in this post, we will take an in-depth look at the different perspectives of the IoT layers in the IT infrastructure. So what is IoT all about, and what exactly is it?

Let's discuss it in this blog.

What Is IoT?

To understand how IoT works, you need to know what it is. The Internet of Things (IoT) is a network of interconnected physical objects that are equipped with sensors and software to feed networked data over the Internet. These IoT networks have demonstrated exceptional behavior in collecting, analyzing, reporting, and predicting data for integration into future planning.

Although IoT is a trending technology with unlimited future potential, there is no single or specific set of rules for IoT components. Various organizations have adopted IoT features in their premises as their integration has brought several benefits.

Our Learners Also Read: What are Generative Adversarial Networks How do GANs work?

Elements of IoT

IoT networks have many technological aspects, layers, applications, and components. However, most of these IoT architectures are built on basic foundations.

• A more brilliant device in a different form
• A network and gateway that enables devices to be part of the IoT
• Middleware that includes data storage facilities and advances in predictive capabilities
• End-user applications

IoT Layers

These IoT elements define the foundation of almost every IoT system worldwide. Nevertheless, they are divided into multiple layers of architecture to further enhance the overall IoT network.

These IoT Layers are:-

• A perception layer that manages intelligent devices throughout the system.
• The Connectivity/Transport Layer enables data transfer from the cloud to the device and vice versa for various aspects of gateways and networks.
• A Processing Layer that controls and manages IoT layers to streamline data throughout the system.
• An application layer assists in analysis procedures, device control, and reporting to end users.
• The business layer derives information and decision analysis from data.
• A Security Layer that covers all aspects of protecting the entire IoT architecture
• Edge Computing Layer that works at or near the edge of the collection of device information.

1. Layer of Perception

The foundational layer of any IoT system is made up of sensors and other data collection tools. They transform analog impulses into digital ones and serve as the link between the physical and digital worlds. Parameters like temperature, distance, position, humidity, and other variables can be read by a variety of sensory devices like gauges, sensors, probes, and actuators. The required parameters are collected in raw data by these devices, which are mounted on endpoints (things).

2. Connection/Transport Layer

Any IoT system's first network layer is this one. It is in charge of moving information from the first layer's sensors to the third layer (gateway). A particular communication protocol with certain rules, syntax, semantics, and synchronization standards is used to transport data from sensors to gateways.

Data transfer can only occur if the sensors and the gateway support the transfer protocol. Some common protocols used to connect sensors to gateways are BLE, LoRaWAN, ZigBee, and Sigfox.

3. Processing Layer

Data aggregators known as gateways gather data from sensors and transmit it to a backend system. They function as an interface between the local sensor environment and the Internet and are essentially routers or modems. They gather information from sensors in their vicinity and send it to a platform that receives data.

The need for gateways and sensor-gateway networks is eliminated if the sensor device has a built-in gateway or is otherwise capable of transmitting data over long distances. In that case, the sensor device only needs to retrieve and send the data to the backend system.

4. Application Layer

Similar to the sensor-to-gateway network, this facilitates data transfer from the gateway to the Internet/backend systems. This network can span a wide area and allows data to be transmitted to remote locations. The protocols for such a widespread network are ethernet, Wi-Fi, satellite, or cellular.

5. Business Layer

In this layer, the unprocessed data from the preceding four levels are transformed into useful data. In most cases, the data is stored in cloud storage and accessed through the backend system of the mobile application or web application. The received data is processed using advanced analytics and other processing systems into value-added information displayed on the user's screens.

6. Security Layer

Any end-to-end IoT System's Ultimate network layer is this one. This network retrieves the raw data from the cloud system and displays it to the user as value-added data. The Internet, Ethernet, and Wi-Fi are generally used to access data from cloud storage systems.

7. Edge Computing Layer

This last layer acts as the front end of the entire IoT system. Collected data and value-added information are displayed on the users' screen, allowing them to monitor the parameter related to the asset they want. Information can be displayed in numbers, graphs, alerts, or tables; it enables the user to gain useful insights and make smart decisions.

Through a special IoT platform designed for real-time alerting, analytics, and remote monitoring features, information may be accessible from any smart device, such as a smartphone or desktop computer.

IoT Protocols

Connecting IoT Devices

A significant aspect of planning an IoT technology project is determining IoT device protocols—in other words, how devices connect and communicate. In the IoT technology stack, devices connect through gateways or embedded functions.

What are IoT Gateways?

Gateways are part of IoT technology that can be used to connect IoT devices to the cloud. Although not all IoT devices require a gateway, they can be used to establish communication between devices or to connect devices that are not IP-based and cannot directly connect to the cloud. Data collected from IoT devices passes through the gateway, is pre-processed at the edge, and then sent to the cloud.

Using IoT gateways can reduce latency and reduce transfer rates. As a component of your IoT protocols, gateways enable you to connect devices without direct Internet connectivity and add an extra layer of protection by encrypting data as it travels both ways.

Conclusion

In reality, IoT architecture can vary from solution to solution. But mostly, these four basic blocks are present. One must also design a workable and scalable solution and not be prone to breaking down when handling a ton of data.

By implementing IoT solutions, the company has improved its ability to exceed its clients by gaining more value from data and catering to their needs accordingly. It's critical to avoid becoming baffled by the IoT's technical lingo and to keep in mind the countless opportunities and transformations that complete automation can bring.

About The Author: