What is the OOPs Concept?


Languages that employ objects in programming are referred to as object-oriented programming, or OOPs. They mostly use objects to carry out the instructions given in the code. The user or viewer sees objects as they carry out the responsibilities you've given them. Implementing real-world concepts like inheritance, hiding, polymorphism, etc. in programming is the goal of object-oriented programming. The main objective of OOP is to connect the functions that use the data and the data itself, ensuring that only that function and no other part of the code can access the data.
Let's talk about prerequisites after we've clarified the ideas of method declaration and message passing. The method declaration is composed of six parts, to begin with:

Access Modifier: Specifies the method's access type, or the point in your application where it can be accessed. There are 4 different kinds of access specifiers in Java:

  • Public: Available throughout every class in your application.
  • protected: accessible only within the package in which it is defined and in any class(es) that it has been descended from (including subclasses declared outside the package).
  • Private: Only available to members of the class in which it is defined.
  • Accessible within the same class and package in which its class is specified (declared/defined without any modifiers).
  • The return type: The return type is the data type of the value that the method returns, or void if no value is returned.
  • Method Name: The convention for method names is slightly different, but the requirements for field names still apply.
  • Parameter list: A list of defined input parameters separated by commas and accompanied by the data type of each parameter in the enclosed parenthesis. Use empty parenthesis if there are no parameters ().
  • Exception list: List of potential exceptions that the procedure might raise. You may mention these exclusions (s).
  • Method body: technique body To carry out your planned tasks, you must run the block of code that is wrapped in braces.

Message Passing: Objects exchange information with one another in order to communicate. An object responds to a message by calling a function that generates the desired results in response to a request to execute a process. When sending a message, the name of the object, the name of the function, and the data to be transferred must all be given.
After discussing the fundamental criteria, let's go on to the four pillars of OOPs, which are as follows. But first, let's discover the many traits of an Object-Oriented Programming Language.

What are OOPs in java? 


The goal of OOps in Java is to increase code readability and reuse by effectively defining Java programs. The four main core ideas of object-oriented programming are abstraction, encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism.

List of Java OOPs ConceptsObject
  • Class
  • Inheritance
  • Polymorphism
  • Abstraction
  • Encapsulation

Our Learners Also Read: An Introduction to the Java Programming Language for Beginners



Object


An object is anything with a state and behavior. A chair, pen, table, keyboard, bicycle, etc. are a few examples. It could be intellectual or physical.
An instance of a class is one way to define an object. An object occupies some memory space and has an address. Without being aware of the specifics of each other's data or code, objects can communicate. The type of message that is accepted and the type of response that is provided by the objects are the only requirements.
A dog, for instance, is an object since it exhibits traits like color, breed, etc., as well as states and actions like waving its tail, barking, and eating.


Class


The group of objects is referred to as a class. It makes sense as a whole.
A class can alternatively be thought of as a template from which an individual object can be built. Class doesn't take up any room.

class classname {
type instance variable 1;
type instance variable 2;
.
.
.
type instance variable n;
type methodname 1 (parameter list) {
// body od method 
}
type methodname 2 (parameter list) {
// body od method 
}
type methodnamen (parameter list) {
// body od method 
}
 }


Inheritance


Inheritance is the process by which one object takes on all of the traits and characteristics of a parent item. It allows for the reuse of code. To implement runtime polymorphism, it is employed.


Polymorphism


Polymorphism refers to the many ways that the same work can be carried out. For instance, to persuade the consumer otherwise, draw something like a triangle, rectangle, etc.
Polymorphism in Java is created through overloading and overriding methods.
Another illustration is speaking; for instance, a cat will meow, a dog will bark, etc.


Abstraction


Abstraction is the practice of displaying functionality while concealing internal features. For instance, we are not aware of how phone conversations are processed internally.

Abstraction is achieved in Java using abstract classes and interfaces.

Abstract class example:
//abstract parent class 
        Abstract class animal {
         //abstract method 
      public abstract void sound ( ) ;
         }
     Public class lion extends animal {
      Public void sound ( ) {
System.out.println ( roar  );
}
public Static void main ( String args [ ] ) {
 animal obj = new lion ( );
obj. sound ();
}
}

Output: 
Roar


Encapsulation


Encapsulation is the method of combining data and code into a single entity. For instance, several medications are wrapped around a capsule.
Encapsulation can be seen in java classes. Because all of the data members in a Java bean are private, it is a fully enclosed class.

Advantages of OOPs (Object-Oriented Programming Systems):


  • Concepts in Java provide programs with a clear and simple modular structure, oops.
  • It is possible to reuse objects made for Object-Oriented Programs in other programs. Thus, it reduces development expenses significantly.
  • Large programs can be challenging to build, but if the development and design team adheres to OOPS principles, they can design better and with fewer errors.
  • It improves software modularity because each item can be used separately.

Comparison of OOPS with other Programming styles with the help of an Example


Let's examine how, for instance, Java OOPs Concepts are different from other programming paradigms.
Three main categories can be used to categorize Programming Languages.

  1. Unstructured Programming Languages: programming language with a sequential control flow that is the most basic. Code appears often in the software.
  2. Structured Programming Languages: Languages for Structured Programming has an irregular flow of control. Code reuse is made possible through the use of functions.
  3. Object-Oriented Programming Languages: Data & Action Are Combine in Object-Oriented Programming Languages.

Advantages of OOPs Concept 

Among the benefits are:

Re-usability
Reusability refers to the idea of "write once, use it several times," or reusing some facilities rather than continually developing them. This can be accomplished by using classes. It can be utilized numerous times as needed.

Redundancy in data
It is one of oops' most significant advantages. When the identical piece of data is held at two different locations, this condition is established at the data storage. We may simply build generic class definitions for similar functionalities by inheriting them if we wish to apply similar functionality across numerous classes.

Code maintenance
Since new objects can be produced with just minor variations from the current ones, it is simple to adapt or maintain existing code. This saves users from having to redo work numerous times and update existing programs with fresh updates.

Security
Data hiding and abstraction prevent minimal exposure, so we only supply the information that is required to view while maintaining security.

design advantages
Better designs are produced as a result of the designers' longer and more thorough design phases. It will be simpler to program each non-oop independently once the program has hit its critical constraints.
Using encapsulation objects is self-constrained. 

Conclusion


In our program, we deal with data or perform specific operations on the data. In fact, having data and performing certain operations on that data is a basic characteristic of any software program.
Experts in Software Programming thought of combining Data and Operations. Therefore, the birth of Object Oriented Programming is commonly called OOPS.
The same code in Object Oriented Programming languages will have the same data and some action performed on that data.